📚 Class 9 Science Chapter 3: Tissues in Action (New NCERT) Complete Notes
🌱🐾 Bi-Lingual Notes (English + Hindi) | Simple Language | Exam Ready
1. What is a Tissue? (ऊतक क्या है?)
Definition
A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Hindi:
एक जैसे कार्य करने वाली समान कोशिकाओं (cells) के समूह को ऊतक (Tissue) कहते हैं।
Examples
- Muscle tissue → Movement
- Nervous tissue → Control and coordination
- Xylem → Water transport
2. Why are Plant and Animal Tissues Different?
पौधों और जंतुओं के ऊतक अलग क्यों हैं?
Plants
- Fixed at one place.
- Need support and transport.
Animals
- Move from one place to another.
- Need movement, coordination and quick response.
NCERT Point:
Plants have more supporting tissues while animals have more muscular and nervous tissues.
🌿 3. Tissues for Growth in Plants (Meristematic Tissues)
These tissues continuously divide.
Hindi:
जो कोशिकाएँ लगातार विभाजित होती रहती हैं उन्हें Meristematic tissues कहते हैं।
Characteristics
✔ Thin cell wall
✔ Dense cytoplasm
✔ Large nucleus
✔ No vacuole or very small vacuole
✔ Continuous cell division
Types of Meristematic Tissue
1. Apical Meristem
Location
Root tip and Shoot tip
Function
Increase in length (Primary growth)
Remember:
Apical = Apex (Tip)
Example
Roots and shoots become longer.
2. Lateral Meristem
Location
Sides of stem and root
Function
Increase in girth/thickness
Example
Tree trunk becomes thicker.
3. Intercalary Meristem
Location
Nodes and internodes
Function
Regrowth after cutting or grazing
Example
Grass grows again after cutting.
🌿 Differentiation
Process by which meristematic tissue changes into permanent tissue.
Hindi:
Meristematic tissue का permanent tissue में बदलना Differentiation कहलाता है।
🌿 4. Permanent Tissues
Cells lose the power of division.
Hindi:
जो कोशिकाएँ विभाजन की क्षमता खो देती हैं उन्हें Permanent tissues कहते हैं।
Types of Permanent Tissue
A. Simple Permanent Tissue
Made of only one type of cell.
1. Parenchyma
Characteristics
✔ Living cells
✔ Thin walls
✔ Large intercellular spaces
Functions
- Storage of food
- Photosynthesis (chlorenchyma)
- Buoyancy in aquatic plants (aerenchyma)
Example
Potato, fruits
2. Collenchyma
Characteristics
✔ Living cells ✔ Uneven thickening at corners
Function
Support + Flexibility
Example
Leaf stalk and young stems
NCERT Line
Allows plant parts to bend without breaking.
3. Sclerenchyma
Characteristics
✔ Dead cells ✔ Thick lignified wall
Function
Mechanical strength
Example
Coconut husk Walnut shell
🌿 Complex Permanent Tissue
Made up of more than one type of cell.
1. Xylem
Function
Transport water and minerals.
Components
- Tracheids
- Vessels
- Xylem parenchyma
- Xylem fibres
Important
Water moves upward.
Trick
X = Water boX
2. Phloem
Function
Transport food.
Components
- Sieve tubes
- Companion cells
- Phloem parenchyma
- Phloem fibres
Important
Food can move in all directions.
Trick
Phloem = Food
🌿 Plant Tissue Systems
1. Dermal Tissue System
Function
Protection
Includes
- Epidermis
- Cuticle
- Root hairs
- Stomata
Epidermis
Outermost protective layer.
Functions
✔ Protection
✔ Reduces water loss
Cuticle
Waxy layer on epidermis.
Function
Prevents water loss.
Root Hair
Function
Absorbs water and minerals.
Stomata
Tiny pores on leaves.
Functions
✔ Gas exchange ✔ Transpiration
2. Ground Tissue System
Includes
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
Function
Storage and support.
3. Vascular Tissue System
Includes
- Xylem
- Phloem
Function
Transport.
🐾 5. Animal Tissues
Animal tissues are of 4 types.
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscular Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue
उपकला ऊतक
Forms covering of body and organs.
Functions
✔ Protection ✔ Absorption ✔ Secretion ✔ Sensory functions
Types of Epithelial Tissue
A. Squamous Epithelium
Structure
Thin flat cells
Location
Lungs, blood vessels
Function
Exchange of gases
B. Stratified Epithelium
Structure
Many layers
Location
Skin
Function
Protection
C. Cuboidal Epithelium
Location
Glands
Function
Secretion
D. Columnar Epithelium
Location
Intestine
Function
Absorption
E. Ciliated Epithelium
Location
Respiratory tract
Function
Movement of mucus
2. Connective Tissue
संयोजी ऊतक
Connects and supports body parts.
Blood
Components
Plasma (55%)
Liquid part
RBC
- Red colour due to haemoglobin
- Transport oxygen
WBC
- Fight germs
- Provide immunity
Platelets
- Blood clotting
Bone
Function
Support and protection
Example
Skull, ribs
Cartilage
Function
Flexibility
Example
Nose, ear
Tendon
Connects
Muscle → Bone
Nature
Strong and less elastic
Ligament
Connects
Bone → Bone
Nature
Elastic
Trick
Ligament = Link bone to bone
3. Muscular Tissue
Responsible for movement.
Types
A. Skeletal Muscle
✔ Voluntary
✔ Attached to bones
Example: Hand and leg muscles
B. Smooth Muscle
✔ Involuntary
Location:
- Intestine
- Stomach
C. Cardiac Muscle
✔ Heart only
Characteristics:
- Branched
- Involuntary
- Never gets tired
4. Nervous Tissue
Main Cell
Neuron
Function
Transmit nerve impulses.
Parts
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axon
📝 Important Differences
| Feature | Xylem | Phloem |
|---|---|---|
| Transport | Water | Food |
| Direction | Upward | Both directions |
| Cells | Mostly dead | Mostly living |
| Feature | Tendon | Ligament |
|---|---|---|
| Connects | Muscle-Bone | Bone-Bone |
| Elasticity | Less | More |
| Feature | Parenchyma | Collenchyma | Sclerenchyma |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cells | Living | Living | Dead |
| Wall | Thin | Unevenly thick | Thick lignified |
| Function | Storage | Flexibility | Strength |
🎯 Most Important Exam Questions
1. What is tissue?
2. Define meristematic tissue.
3. Differentiate xylem and phloem.
4. What is stomata?
5. Write functions of epidermis.
6. Difference between tendon and ligament.
7. Name components of blood.
8. What is cardiac muscle?
9. Functions of WBC and platelets.
10. Difference between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
🚀 Quick Revision Trick
Plant Tissues
👉 Meristematic → Growth
👉 Permanent → Function
Simple Permanent
👉 PCS = Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Complex Permanent
👉 XP = Xylem + Phloem
Animal Tissues
👉 ECMN
E = Epithelial
C = Connective
M = Muscular
N = Nervous
🦴 1. Connective Tissues (संयोजी ऊतक)
Function
Body ke different parts ko connect aur support karte hain.
A. Bone (अस्थि)
Functions
✔ Support deta hai
✔ Body ko shape deta hai
✔ Internal organs ko protect karta hai
Matrix
- Calcium aur phosphorus se rich
- Hard aur rigid
Examples
Skull, ribs, vertebrae
B. Cartilage (उपास्थि)
Functions
✔ Flexibility deta hai ✔ Shock absorber ka kaam karta hai
Examples
Nose, ear, trachea
Difference
Bone hard hoti hai, cartilage soft aur flexible.
C. Tendon
Connects
👉 Muscle → Bone
Characteristics
- Strong
- Less elastic
Function
Muscle ki force ko bone tak pahunchata hai.
D. Ligament
Connects
👉 Bone → Bone
Characteristics
- Elastic
- Flexible
Function
Joint ko stable rakhta hai.
Trick
Tendon = Muscle-Bone Ligament = Bone-Bone
💪 2. Muscular Tissue
Movement ke liye responsible.
A. Skeletal Muscle
Characteristics
✔ Voluntary muscle ✔ Striated ✔ Multinucleate
Functions
Walking, running, writing
B. Smooth Muscle
Characteristics
✔ Involuntary ✔ Non-striated ✔ Single nucleus
Location
Stomach, intestine
Function
Digestion aur internal movement.
C. Cardiac Muscle
Location
Heart
Characteristics
✔ Branched ✔ Striated ✔ Involuntary ✔ Never fatigues
Function
Heart beat maintain karta hai.
🧠 3. Nervous Tissue
Function
Control and coordination.
Cell = Neuron
Parts of Neuron
- Cell Body
- Dendrites
- Axon
- Axon Terminals
Functions
Dendrites
Signal receive karte hain.
Axon
Signal carry karta hai.
Cell Body
Control centre.
🦴💪 4. Musculoskeletal System
Made up of
✔ Bones ✔ Muscles ✔ Joints ✔ Cartilage ✔ Tendons ✔ Ligaments
Functions
✔ Movement ✔ Posture ✔ Support ✔ Protection
NCERT Fact
Adult human skeleton body weight ka lagbhag 12–15% hota hai.
🔄 5. Types of Joints
1. Ball and Socket Joint
Examples
Shoulder, Hip
Movement
All directions
✔ Circular ✔ Forward ✔ Backward ✔ Sideways
2. Hinge Joint
Examples
Elbow, Knee
Movement
One direction only
Example
Door hinge
3. Pivot Joint
Example
Neck
Movement
Side-to-side rotation
4. Fixed Joint
Example
Skull bones
Movement
No movement
🦴 6. Skeletal System
Components
✔ Skull ✔ Vertebral Column ✔ Rib Cage
Vertebral Column (Backbone)
Functions
✔ Support ✔ Keeps body upright ✔ Protects spinal cord
Important
Vertebrae ke beech cartilage disc hoti hai jo shock absorber ka kaam karti hai.
Rib Cage
Functions
✔ Protects heart ✔ Protects lungs
NCERT Fact
Humans mein 12 pairs of ribs hote hain.
🌱 7. Totipotency
Definition
Ek single plant cell ki poora plant banane ki ability ko Totipotency kehte hain.
Scientist
F. C. Steward
Example
Carrot phloem cell se poora carrot plant develop ho sakta hai.
Importance
Plant tissue culture.
🌾 8. Crown Gall Disease
Cause
Bacterium: Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Effect
Stem par tumour-like swelling.
Importance
Genetic engineering mein useful.
🎯 Most Important Exam Questions
2 Marks
- Tendon aur Ligament mein antar.
- Bone aur Cartilage mein antar.
- Skeletal aur Smooth muscle mein antar.
- Neuron ke parts likhiye.
- Ball and socket joint ka example.
3 Marks
- Connective tissue ke prakar.
- Muscular tissue ke prakar.
- Nervous tissue ka structure aur function.
- Musculoskeletal system kya hai?
- Skeletal system ke functions.
5 Marks
- Plant tissues aur animal tissues ka comparison.
- Meristematic aur permanent tissue mein difference.
- Xylem aur phloem mein difference.
- Animal tissues ke prakar aur functions.
🚀 Final One-Line Revision
Plant Tissues:
Meristematic → Growth
Permanent → Function
Simple Permanent: PCS
(Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)
Complex Permanent: XP
(Xylem, Phloem)
Animal Tissues: ECMN
(Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous)
Joints: BHPF
(Ball & Socket, Hinge, Pivot, Fixed)
👨🔬 NCERT Scientists – Short Notes (Exam Ready)
1. B. G. L. Swamy
Introduction
- Famous Indian Botanist.
- Plant taxonomy aur botany ke expert.
Contribution
- Hasuru Honnu naam ki Kannada book likhi.
- Plants ke description, uses aur conservation ke baare mein likha.
Important Fact
- Book ko Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award (1978) mila.
One-Liner
👉 B. G. L. Swamy was a renowned Indian botanist and author of Hasuru Honnu.
2. Sipra Guha Mukherjee
Introduction
- Indian Plant Scientist.
Contribution
- Plant tissue culture par research ki.
- Artificial nutrient medium mein plant cells ko grow karke poora plant develop karne mein yogdaan diya.
Importance
- Modern agriculture aur crop improvement mein madad mili.
One-Liner
👉 Sipra Guha Mukherjee contributed to plant tissue culture technology.
3. S. C. Maheshwari
Introduction
- Famous Indian Botanist.
- "Father of Plant Embryology in India".
Contribution
- Plant embryology aur tissue culture par research.
- Plant cells se complete plants develop karne ki technique ko improve kiya.
One-Liner
👉 S. C. Maheshwari is known as the Father of Plant Embryology in India.
4. F. C. Steward ⭐
Introduction
- American Plant Scientist.
Contribution
- Totipotency ko prove kiya.
- Carrot ke phloem cells se poora carrot plant develop kiya.
Conclusion
- Ek single plant cell se poora plant ban sakta hai.
Important Term
Totipotency: Ability of a single plant cell to develop into a complete plant.
One-Liner
👉 F. C. Steward proved totipotency using carrot cells.
🦠 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Introduction
- Ek bacterium hai (scientist nahi).
Importance
- Crown Gall Disease ka kaaran.
- Genetic engineering mein useful genes plants mein transfer karne ke liye use hota hai.
One-Liner
👉 Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes Crown Gall Disease and is used in genetic engineering.
🔥 2-Minute Revision
B. G. L. Swamy
➡️ Botanist
➡️ Hasuru Honnu Book
Sipra Guha Mukherjee
➡️ Plant Tissue Culture
S. C. Maheshwari
➡️ Father of Plant Embryology
F. C. Steward
➡️ Totipotency ➡️ Carrot Cell Experiment
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
➡️ Crown Gall Disease ➡️ Genetic Engineering
Trick:
📖 Swamy = Book
🌱 Sipra = Tissue Culture
👶 Maheshwari = Embryology
🥕 Steward = Carrot + Totipotency
🦠 Agrobacterium = Crown Gall Disease
TISSUES IN ACTION
│
├── 1. TISSUE
│ └── Group of similar cells performing same function
│
├── 2. PLANT TISSUES 🌱
│ │
│ ├── A. Meristematic Tissue (Growth)
│ │ │
│ │ ├── Apical → Length ↑
│ │ ├── Lateral → Girth/Thickness ↑
│ │ └── Intercalary → Regrowth after cutting
│ │
│ └── B. Permanent Tissue
│ │
│ ├── Simple Permanent
│ │ │
│ │ ├── Parenchyma
│ │ │ ├─ Living
│ │ │ ├─ Storage
│ │ │ ├─ Chlorenchyma → Photosynthesis
│ │ │ └─ Aerenchyma → Floating
│ │ │
│ │ ├── Collenchyma
│ │ │ ├─ Living
│ │ │ └─ Flexibility + Support
│ │ │
│ │ └── Sclerenchyma
│ │ ├─ Dead
│ │ └─ Strength
│ │
│ └── Complex Permanent
│ │
│ ├── Xylem
│ │ └─ Water + Minerals
│ │
│ └── Phloem
│ └─ Food Transport
│
├── 3. PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS
│ │
│ ├── Dermal Tissue
│ │ ├─ Epidermis
│ │ ├─ Cuticle
│ │ ├─ Root Hair
│ │ └─ Stomata
│ │
│ ├── Ground Tissue
│ │ └─ Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
│ │
│ └── Vascular Tissue
│ ├─ Xylem
│ └─ Phloem
│
├── 4. ANIMAL TISSUES 🐾
│ │
│ ├── Epithelial Tissue
│ │ ├─ Protection
│ │ ├─ Absorption
│ │ ├─ Secretion
│ │ └─ Sensory Function
│ │
│ ├── Connective Tissue
│ │ ├─ Blood
│ │ │ ├─ RBC → O₂ Transport
│ │ │ ├─ WBC → Defence
│ │ │ └─ Platelets → Clotting
│ │ │
│ │ ├─ Bone
│ │ ├─ Cartilage
│ │ ├─ Tendon → Muscle-Bone
│ │ └─ Ligament → Bone-Bone
│ │
│ ├── Muscular Tissue
│ │ ├─ Skeletal → Voluntary
│ │ ├─ Smooth → Involuntary
│ │ └─ Cardiac → Heart
│ │
│ └── Nervous Tissue
│ └─ Neuron
│ ├─ Cell Body
│ ├─ Dendrites
│ └─ Axon
│
├── 5. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 💪🦴
│ ├─ Bones
│ ├─ Muscles
│ ├─ Joints
│ ├─ Tendons
│ ├─ Ligaments
│ └─ Cartilage
│
├── 6. TYPES OF JOINTS
│ │
│ ├── Ball & Socket → Shoulder, Hip
│ ├── Hinge → Elbow, Knee
│ ├── Pivot → Neck
│ └── Fixed → Skull
│
├── 7. SKELETAL SYSTEM
│ │
│ ├── Skull
│ ├── Vertebral Column
│ └── Rib Cage (12 Pairs)
│
└── 8. SPECIAL TOPICS ⭐
│
├── Differentiation
│ └─ Meristem → Permanent Tissue
│
├── Totipotency
│ └─ One Cell → Whole Plant
│
└── Crown Gall Disease
└─ Agrobacterium tumefaciens
🧠🌳 TISSUES IN ACTION – ONE SHOT MIND MAP (Class 9 NCERT)
TISSUES IN ACTION
│
├── 1. TISSUE
│ └── Group of similar cells performing same function
│
├── 2. PLANT TISSUES 🌱
│ │
│ ├── A. Meristematic Tissue (Growth)
│ │ │
│ │ ├── Apical → Length ↑
│ │ ├── Lateral → Girth/Thickness ↑
│ │ └── Intercalary → Regrowth after cutting
│ │
│ └── B. Permanent Tissue
│ │
│ ├── Simple Permanent
│ │ │
│ │ ├── Parenchyma
│ │ │ ├─ Living
│ │ │ ├─ Storage
│ │ │ ├─ Chlorenchyma → Photosynthesis
│ │ │ └─ Aerenchyma → Floating
│ │ │
│ │ ├── Collenchyma
│ │ │ ├─ Living
│ │ │ └─ Flexibility + Support
│ │ │
│ │ └── Sclerenchyma
│ │ ├─ Dead
│ │ └─ Strength
│ │
│ └── Complex Permanent
│ │
│ ├── Xylem
│ │ └─ Water + Minerals
│ │
│ └── Phloem
│ └─ Food Transport
│
├── 3. PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS
│ │
│ ├── Dermal Tissue
│ │ ├─ Epidermis
│ │ ├─ Cuticle
│ │ ├─ Root Hair
│ │ └─ Stomata
│ │
│ ├── Ground Tissue
│ │ └─ Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
│ │
│ └── Vascular Tissue
│ ├─ Xylem
│ └─ Phloem
│
├── 4. ANIMAL TISSUES 🐾
│ │
│ ├── Epithelial Tissue
│ │ ├─ Protection
│ │ ├─ Absorption
│ │ ├─ Secretion
│ │ └─ Sensory Function
│ │
│ ├── Connective Tissue
│ │ ├─ Blood
│ │ │ ├─ RBC → O₂ Transport
│ │ │ ├─ WBC → Defence
│ │ │ └─ Platelets → Clotting
│ │ │
│ │ ├─ Bone
│ │ ├─ Cartilage
│ │ ├─ Tendon → Muscle-Bone
│ │ └─ Ligament → Bone-Bone
│ │
│ ├── Muscular Tissue
│ │ ├─ Skeletal → Voluntary
│ │ ├─ Smooth → Involuntary
│ │ └─ Cardiac → Heart
│ │
│ └── Nervous Tissue
│ └─ Neuron
│ ├─ Cell Body
│ ├─ Dendrites
│ └─ Axon
│
├── 5. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 💪🦴
│ ├─ Bones
│ ├─ Muscles
│ ├─ Joints
│ ├─ Tendons
│ ├─ Ligaments
│ └─ Cartilage
│
├── 6. TYPES OF JOINTS
│ │
│ ├── Ball & Socket → Shoulder, Hip
│ ├── Hinge → Elbow, Knee
│ ├── Pivot → Neck
│ └── Fixed → Skull
│
├── 7. SKELETAL SYSTEM
│ │
│ ├── Skull
│ ├── Vertebral Column
│ └── Rib Cage (12 Pairs)
│
└── 8. SPECIAL TOPICS ⭐
│
├── Differentiation
│ └─ Meristem → Permanent Tissue
│
├── Totipotency
│ └─ One Cell → Whole Plant
│
└── Crown Gall Disease
└─ Agrobacterium tumefaciens
🔥 30-Second Revision Formula
🌱 Plant Tissue
M → P
- Meristematic = Growth
- Permanent = Function
🌿 Simple Permanent
PCS
- P = Parenchyma
- C = Collenchyma
- S = Sclerenchyma
🚚 Conducting Tissue
XP
- Xylem = Water
- Phloem = Food
🐾 Animal Tissue
ECMN
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
🦴 Joints
BHFP
- Ball & Socket
- Hinge
- Fixed
- Pivot
🔗 Connective Tissue
BCTL
- Blood
- Cartilage
- Tendon
- Ligament
Ye mind map exam se pehle 5 minute mein pura chapter revise karwa dega. ✅📚🔥
